While most maintenance managers are familiar with the general concept of oil analysis, ferrography is oftentimes less understood. This allows for a more detailed report that similar methods cannot produce. Ferrography authenticates wear sources and quantifies contaminant particles. Application of oil condition monitoring techniques for improving. D7690 practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography. Ferrography actually consists of two different procedures. Contact us for your instrumentation needs and complete turnkey. The original analytical ferrograph used a strong magnetic field gradient to separate wear particles from the used oil sample for subsequent microscope examination. Standard guide for microscopic characterization of. Recent work at the foxboro analytical ferrography laboratory on the recognition of nonferrous metal particles, particles from lead, tin and pb snbased alloys, ferrous oxide particles and corrosive wear debris is described. Analytical ferrography reveals both the wear modes present as well as the alloy compositions of the wear particles present. Microscopic technique to determine various wear modes of. Having wear particles provide evidence of machine problems depends on the industrial application from a clean environment to a dirty one. Supply of specimen and consumables for analytical ferrography.
This paper presents a statistical analysis of data collected from a controlled. Astm d7690 112017 standard practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography. In analytical ferrography, wear particles are separ ated from the lubricated oil samples b y magnetic. Ferrography is a means of microscopic examination used to analyze particles separated from. On the lower right is an image of the spectro scientific thistle tube ferrography lab including. Analytical ferrography methods, benefits and applications azom. This is a technique in use since 1970, it provides microscopic examination and analysis of debris particles found in lubricating oils. Ferrographic analysis of wear particles of various machinery. The lubrication oil is collected for regular interval and ferrography. Analytical ferrography is the best method for determining severity and type of wear present with no particle size or metallurgy limitations. Wear characterization by an online ferrograph image t h.
Although treated as separate elements, preventive predictive maintenance, reliability engineering, equipment history and functional pride and quality assurance are inextricably supportiveeach to the others. Wear particle identification is a critical aspect of oil analysis. Supply of specimen and consumables for analytical tender. The new challenge of realtime wear reporting appeared in conditionbased maintenan. It has been in use since 1970, and provides microscopic examination and analysis of debris particles found in lubricating oils.
Because the frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to the wavelength, it follows that the energy. A separation of metallic and nonmetallic wear particles on a glass slide for photographic documentation and microscopic analysis to determine the size, shape and color of the particles. Prognostic approach for ferrographic analysis of gear box. However, before conducting this type of oil analysis test, there are essential steps. Nov 26, 2018 ferrography is the study of ferrous metal wear, and comes from the latin word ferrum, which translates to iron. Astmd7690112017standard practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography.
D7690112017 standard practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography oil contaminants analytical ferrography wear membrane filtration hydraulic oils used lubricating oils. Flash point, viscosity measurement, ferrography analysis and energy dispersive xray analysis edx have been employed to extract the relevant information. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Puzzles, reasoning books are also provided here for aspirants. Pdf ferrography a procedure for measuring wear rate. Usually, 1 ml of sample is mixed one to one with a diluent.
This is a new method introduced to collect the wear debris using an electromagnet. Wear particle analysis is a powerful technique for nonintrusive examination of oilwetted parts of a machine. Rs aggarwal reasoning, arihant, kiran ssc, mk pandey. Astm d7690 112017 standard practice for microscopic. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Vibe institute piedmont chapter 2008 workshop presentation. Spectrot2fm q500 analytical ferrography laboratory from. Spectro offers spectrot2fm q500 analytical ferrography laboratory, an analytical tool specifically designed for the separation and analysis of contaminant and wear particles from used hydraulic fluids, lubricant oils, fuels and coolants the system includes the t2fm ferrogram maker, an image capture software, a bichromatic microscope and a video camera. Wear characterization with ferrography is an effective offline method for monitoring a machines wear condition. Documents sold on the ansi webstore are in electronic adobe acrobat pdf format, however some iso and iec standards are available from amazon in hard copy format. They involve the manual characterization of debris deposits relying on observations conducted through an optical microscope. With industrial needs for reliability and higher productivity to compete in the world market, techniques such as wear particle analysis become vital in making diagnostic and specific. Analytical ferrography the forensic science of oil analysis.
After breakin, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An analysis of some analytical ferrography data core. Standard guide for microscopic characterization of particles. This is where value is gained from studying an oil sample under a microscope using methods such as analytical ferrography with preparation of a ferrogram, patch ferrography with preparation of a filtergram, optical imaging methods and scanning electron microscopy sem. Iso 11171 hydraulic fluid power calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids. An introduction to ferrography f e rr o g r a p h y w h a t is it a l l a b o u t. Today, analytical ferrography is one of the most powerful diagnostic tools in oil analysis. This information may be deduced from particle shape, composition, size distribution, and concentration. Whether you are a believer or a skeptic, if you follow these four rules, you can make the right decision. Applying analytical ferrography as a technique to detect failures in diesel engine fuel injection systems.
Analytical ferrography is among the most powerful diagnostic tools in oil analysis in tribology. Download pdf copy download brochure the spectrot2fm q500 analytical ferrography laboratory from spectro inc. Analytical ferrography is used routinely to monitor critical components at a highrisk for wear. This is a technique in use since 1970, it provides microscopic examination and analysis of. A clear picture is given of the components that are wearing in the system. The analytical ferrograph is used to prepare a ferrogram a fixed slide of wear particles for microscopic examination and photographic documentation.
Astm d769011 standard practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography. Ferrography is a technique for analyzing the particles present in fluids that indicate mechanical wear. It is an essential prerequisite for the execution of analytical ferrography, i. Analytic reasoning by mk pandey pdf pdf download, ebook. The ferroscope fs6 comes with three magnification powers 100x, 500x, x. Over emphasizing the value of screening or basic elemental analysis techniques. An overview of ferrography and its use in maintenance raymond j. Analytical ferrography reports typically include a photomicrograph of the debris found, along with specific descriptions of the particles in their suspected cause. Wear particle analysis is an effective means to identify and respond to maintenance needs of marine ships machineries.
Often analytical ferrography identifies catastrophic wear modes, when typical ppm wear metal does not show any sign of the wear condition. A variety of options are available for analyzing wear debris, but one powerful technique that frequently gets ignored is analytical ferrography. Standard practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography this practice covers the identification by optical microscopy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found in used lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have been deposited on ferrograms. Additionally, for the qualitative approach that is analytical ferrography, experts are needed to make sense of the raw output. Astmd7690112017standard practice for microscopic characterization of particles from inservice lubricants by analytical ferrography 1. Oil analysis, including analytical ferrography aferr, provides the greatest value for money of any maintenance monitoring technique. Analytical ferrography technique is useful to analyze the wear particles present in the used oil. Large ferrous particles penetrate along the length of the ferrogram.
Developments in analytical ferrography sciencedirect. An explanation of polarized light microscopy as it applies to ferrography is given. An operational procedure is proposed in which a ferrogram is heated for periods of 90 s at increments of temperature, any coloration of the film being noted at each stage. Ferrography provides early detection of abnormal wear of the lubricated critical internal components of mechanical systems.
Analytical ferrography laboratory model t2fm a ferrogram maker for fast, efficient and low cost separation of wear and contaminant particles from used lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, greases, coolants and fuels. Analytical ferrography methods, benefits and applications. Wear particle analysis ferrography having wear particles provide evidence of machine problems depends on the industrial application from a clean environment to a dirty one. Success of the preventive predictive maintenance program is dependent upon the existence of the other three elements. Analytical ferrography wear particle analysis techniques selecting the correct technique to meet maintenance goals is critical. The effect of heat on ferrograms was investigated using a standard laboratory hotplate. Providing excellent digital images of the finest color gradin. However, showing photographic proof and describing the surface texture, size, shape, and morphology of the particles gives us evidence that something is.
A small representative portion of the lubricant, usually 1. Feb 24, 2006 read applying analytical ferrography as a technique to detect failures in diesel engine fuel injection systems, wear on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. This solution is then gravity flowed through a glass tube that is nestled over a strong magnet at a slight upward angle to the flow direction. The dr ferrograph is a simple, portable instrument that on the basis of the dr measurements can determine which oil samples require more detailed analysis. This information is used to rate the wear situation as normal or abnormal. The dualferrograph analyzer prepares the ferrogram slides for analysis through the ferroscope iii microscope 2,3. With industrial needs for reliability and higher productivity to compete in the world market, techniques such as wear particle analysis become vital in making diagnostic and specific recommendations regarding potential machine problems. The value of analytical ferrography as a critical exploratory.
Ferrography stands out among oil analysis methods because of the magnetic element involved. Chapter 5 analytical techniques 1 where h is a constant 6. Ferrography provides microscopic examination and analysis of debris particles found in lubricating oils. Engineered lubricants lab facility ferrographic analysis. Analytical ferrography fanpro fluid analysis program. The use of temper colors in ferrography sciencedirect. Pdf the particles contained in the lubricating oil carry detailed and important. Ferrography is the study of ferrous metal wear, and comes from the latin word ferrum, which translates to iron. Ferrography is an analytical technique that has been widely applied to understand the process of machine wear since the 1970s.
When used as trend analysis, accelerated wear of critical equipment is accurately detected and. Over emphasizing the value of screening or basic elemental analysis techniques routinely results in missed expectations and increased costs. Direct read ferrography mrt laboratories machine fluid. Pdf application of oil condition monitoring techniques for. International journal on recent technologies in mechanical. Because the frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to the wavelength, it follows that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength. Pdf prognostic approach for ferrographic analysis of.
The ferroscope fs6 analytical ferrography optical microscope is specially assembled by trico with attachments and options that enhance particle identification and interpretation. In the practical handbook of machinery lubrication youll learn four hardfast rules to go by when determining if an aftermarket additive is right for your application. You can also free download top reasoning books specially designed for government exams i. Wear particle analysis, or ferrography, is a technique that is growing every day. Pdf prognostic approach for ferrographic analysis of gear box. Volume 260, issues 45, 24 february 2006, pages 562566. Read applying analytical ferrography as a technique to detect failures in diesel engine fuel injection systems, wear on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Cartesian and polar representations of complex numbers. The practical handbook of machinery lubrication 4th. This test is particularly useful for gearbox and reciprocating equipment samples. This technology detects the presence of wear and contaminant particles from 1 to 250 microns in size. Dalley a ferrographics analysis of wear particles starts with the magnetic separation of machine wear debris from the lubricating, grease, or hydraulic media in which it becomes suspended. The particles contained in the lubricant carry detailed and important information about the condition of the machine. Astm d7690112017 standard practice for microscopic.
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